LEPTOSPIROSIS DISEASE IN HUMANS

Leptospirosis is a disease transmitted by rodents (rat urine) is prevented by eradicating rats and hygiene utensils. Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by Leptospira sp. which can be transmitted from animals to humans or vice versa (zoonoses). Leptospirosis also known as Weil's disease, fever Icterohemorrhage, Disease Swineherd's, Fever pesawah (Ricefield fever), fever Cutting cane (Cane-cutter fever), fever Lumpur, Jaundis bloody, Disease Stuttgart, fever canicola, jaundice non-virus, the disease red water on the calf, and typhoid dog.

Infection in the subacute form is not so show clinical symptoms, whereas acute infection characterized by symptoms of sepsis, interstitial nephritis, hemolytic anemia, hepatitis and miscarriage. Leptospirosis in animals is usually subclinical. In this state, the patient showed no clinical symptoms of disease. Leptospira survive a long time in the kidneys of animals so that the bacteria will be a lot of animals released through urine.

Leptospirosis in animals may occur many months whereas in humans only last for 60 days. Humans are the last landlady to human transmission is rare.

This disease was first reported in 1886 by Adolf Weil with symptoms of high fever accompanied by some nervous symptoms and an enlarged liver and spleen. Disease with the symptoms mentioned above by Goldsmith (1887) referred to as Weil's Disease. In 1915 Inada proved that "Weil's Disease" is caused by the bacterium Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae.

In Indonesia, the most common infection in mice through flood conditions. The state of flooding caused changes to the environment as many puddles, the environment becomes muddy, muddy, and many piles of garbage that causes Leptospira bacteria breed easily. Flood-borne rat urine then enters the body through broken skin surfaces, mucous membranes of the eyes and nose. So far the mice are the main reservoir and at the same spreader leptospirosis, because it acts as a natural host and have a high reproductive power. Some other animals such as cows, goats, sheep, horses, pigs, dogs leptospirosis can be attacked, but the potential to infect humans are not as big as a mouse.

The incubation period for leptospirosis in humans is 2-26 days. Manifestations of leptospirosis infection have a very varied and sometimes without symptoms, so it often goes wrong diagnosis. L. Infection interrogans may be subclinical infection characterized by mild to severe cold, Almost 15-40 percent of patients exposed to infection are asymptomatic but serologically positive. Approximately 90 percent of people with mild jaundis, while 5-10 percent by weight jaundis often known as Weil's disease. Spira disease course consists of two phases, namely phase and phase immune septisemik. At the phase transition period for 1-3 days condition of the patient improved. In addition there is Weil's Syndrome which is a severe form of leptospirosis infection.

Septisemik phase is known as the initial phase or phases leptospiremik because the bacteria can be isolated from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and most of the body's tissues. At this stage, the patient will experience flu-like symptoms for 4-7 days, characterized by fever, chills, and muscle weakness. Other symptoms are sore throat, cough, chest pain, vomiting of blood, headache, fear of light, mental disorders, inflammation of the lining of the brain, as well as an enlarged spleen and liver.

Immune phase is often called the second phase or leptospirurik because antibodies can be detected circulating bacteria isolation from urine, and may not be available anymore from the blood or cerebrospinal fluid. This phase occurs in 0-30 days due to the response of the body's defense against infection. Symptoms depend body's organs such as the lining of the brain, heart, eyes or kidneys.

If the lining of the brain is attacked, there will be depression, anxiety, and headaches. In liver function tests obtained jaundis, liver enlargement (hepatomegaly), and signs of coagulopathy. Lung disorders such as cough, coughing up blood, and difficulty breathing. Bleeding and hematologic disorders such as an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly). Abnormalities of heart failure or heart marked pericarditis. Aseptic meningitis is the most important clinical manifestations of immune phase.

Leptospirosis can be isolated from the blood for 24-48 hours after the onset of jaundis. In 30 percent of patients have diarrhea or difficulty in bowel movements (constipation), vomiting, weakness, and sometimes a decrease in appetite. Sometimes there is bleeding under the eyelid and renal impairment in 50 percent of patients, and lung disorders in 20-70 percent of patients.

Symptoms are also determined by the infecting serovar. As many as 83 percent of patients with infections of L. icterohaemorrhagiae jaundiced, and 30 percent in L. pomona. L. Infection grippotyphosa generally cause digestive system disorders. While L. pomona or L. canicola often causes inflammationof the lining of the brain (meningitis).

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CHIKUNGUNYA DISEASE

Symptoms, Treatment, And Prevention Of Chikungunya Disease

Chikungunya fever is a viral disease caused by a type of alphavirus that is spread by the bite of mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti. Its name comes from a word in the Makonde language which means "curved upward", referring to the body that bends due to arthritis symptoms of this disease.

Symptoms of Chikungunya

The main symptoms of Chikungunya disease is the body suddenly felt a fever followed by rheumatic pain in joints . In fact , as one of the typical symptoms is the emergence of a sense of fatigue , pain , pain also arises in the bones , some call it a bone fever or flu- bone . The symptoms are similar to dengue virus infection with a slight difference in certain things . This virus is transferred from one patient to another patient through the mosquito , Aedes aegypti , among others . virus transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito will breed in the human body . virus attacks all ages , both children and adults in endemic areas . Patients will experience a sudden high fever for five days , so it is also known term fever five days . In young children begins with sudden onset of fever , skin redness . Red rash that appears after 3-5 days . Red eye usually accompanied by flu-like signs . Febrile seizures are common child . In older children , fever is usually followed by pain in muscles and joints , and enlarged lymph nodes . In adults , the symptoms of joint and muscle pain is dominant and to cause temporary paralysis due to pain when walking . Sometimes arise nausea to vomiting . In general fever in children only lasts for three days with no or very little bleeding and shock encountered . The difference with dengue fever , chikungunya there in severe bleeding , shock and death .

In lndonesian, Chikungunya fever was first reported in 1973 in Samarinda. Then outbreak in Kuala Tungkal, Jambi, 1980. Further spread Martapura 1983, Ternate and Yogyakarta. After vacuum nearly 20 years, beginning in 2001 an outbreak of chikungunya fever occurred in Muara Enim, South Sumatra and Aceh. Bogor followed in October. Chikungunya fever outbreak then again in Bekasi (West Java), Purworedjo and Klaten (Central Java) in 2002.

Prevention of Chikungunya

The only way to avoid this disease is to avoid / eradicate mosquitoes carrying the virus. These mosquitoes like to live and breed in stagnant water such as bathtubs, vases of flowers, and also cans or bottles that hold water clean. Black and white patterned insect is also happy to live in objects such as hanging clothes in the back of the bedroom door. In addition, these mosquitoes also like dark and stuffy place.

Chikungunya Treatment

There is no vaccine or specific drug for chikungunya. Simply taking symptomatic medications (relief of symptoms) as a febrifuge or pain relievers. Importantly enough rest, drink, and nutritious food. Chikungunya virus is a self-limiting disease including alias will disappear by itself. However, the pain will still be there in a matter of weeks.

For patients with Chikungunya, it is advisable to eat nutritious foods, especially carbohydrates and sufficient protein and drink as much as possible. Expand consume fresh fruits. We recommend drinking fresh fruit juice. After over five days, the fever gradually subsided, feeling pain or pain in the joints and muscles is reduced, and the sufferer will be cured as before. Endurance-enhancing vitamins are also useful for dealing with this disease. Endurance is good and adequate rest can make sense of pain in the joints quickly disappear. Drinking lots of water is also recommended for the relief of symptoms of fever.

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DISEASE OF TONSILS

In order systems the human mouth, there is a group of lymphoid tissue found in the throat, behind the two ends of the exact folding rear of the mouth. The lymphoid tissue of the tonsil called tonsil or we often call it. Tonsillectomy is actually one of the lymph nodes that work against a variety of infections.

Unwittingly, the germs that enter through food often cause infection in the tonsils, causing tonsil disease, which is characterized by swelling of the tonsils. Specifically, the tonsils are disease-causing germs or bacteria in the mouth, or it could also be due to allergy to certain foods one composition.

Of the various types of food cause the tonsils, foods containing monosodium glutamate (MSG) was allegedly the main cause of this disease. MSG own content can be obtained from foods such as deep fried foods, spicy foods, greasy foods, and others. These foods are potentially provide immunity to the bacteria so it is easy to grow in the throat.

SYMPTOMS, CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF DISEASES TONSILS

Symptoms Of Tonsillitis

In the early days of infection, tonsillitis disease patients generally feel pain in the head, fever and chills. Furthermore, the pain arises in the throat, difficulty swallowing, followed by swelling of the lymph nodes in the jaw. Given the cause of the disease is bacterial tonsillitis, then certainly this disease can be transmitted. Media transmission itself through the air, saliva, including the breath that blows from the patient.

Prevention Of Disease Of Tonsils

Efforts to avoid diseases of the tonsils can be done in various ways such as avoiding foods with high fat, excess food with MSG content, or cold drinks. Wash hands before eating and avoid using equipment that is used by people, such as plates, spoons, cups, towels, blankets and others.

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